The Past is a foreign country Essays

The Past is an outside nation Essays The Past is an outside nation Paper The Past is an outside nation Paper The Past is an outside nation: they do things any other way there. Alluding to L. P. Hartleys tale The Go-Between and Philip Larkins verse collection The Whitsun Weddings, investigate the criticalness of the past. Whats gone and whats past assistance, ought to be past pain. L. P. Hartleys epic and Larkins verse show the absence of reality in this way of thinking, a point that Shakespeare plainly suggests with the utilization of the assistant action word should. Albeit a remote nation our ability of memory permits us to keep living in that unusual land making the occasions that happened there especially present melancholy. The staggering history of The Go-Between exemplifies the force that the past needs to direct our lives. That one summer in youthfulness can influence the following fifty years of a keeps an eye on life represents the impact that the past has on the present. Also, the verse of Philip Larkin depicts how alive and existing the past is, in memorabilia, in our youngsters, in curios and in ourselves. An after death of Leo Colstons figurative passing, the novel The Go-Between, tells the record of how a kid was rashly constrained into adulthood, an adulthood never lived out. The occasions that happened at twelve years old disabled Leo to such a degree, that even in his sixties he has not recouped; he is evaporated, the husk of a man. One summer in his childhood holds more importance for him than some other time, it is the main time in his life that Leo lived yet additionally the time at which he abandoned his reality and kicked the bucket. The Leo Colston of pre-1900 stayed at Brandham Hall, where they do things any other way, and it is just at the age of sixty-four when he returns face to face that he is capable and sets out to begin living again. Subsequent to opening Pandoras box, his journal from that memorable year, he chooses to go up against the past. Regardless of Leos advance in age he despite everything has youth wistfulness contained in a case, which like him is battered, every one of these years after the fact. He put away memorabilia from his initial days, proof that he had not recuperated from what occurred previously. In this looking through investigation of the idea of memory as named by Douglas Brooks-Davies, we are indicated the capacity that the staff has, just as memorabilia, to contain the past. Colston couldn't discard his physical recollections the same amount of as he couldn't free them from his psyche; he didn't have conclusion on the occasions that occurred in Norfolk, it was incomplete business. The preface of this bildungsroman sees Leo Colston incapable to oppose the enervating intensity of his childhood journal, thus he by and by makes the way for his upsetting past. Both the preamble and epilog of the novel are proof of the incredible criticalness the creator puts on the past, appeared in the wretched life he has made for green Leo Colston, a now cindery animal, a dull pooch. Numerous variables added to the breakdown of the youthful go-between, not exclusively the disclosure of the sexual demonstration. The twelve-year-old Leo Colston was sincerely youthful. He knew nothing of the unavoidable issues facing everyone and accepted that by being a go-between he was a delivery person of the divine beings so high were the Maudsleys in his regard. Subsequently when dove into water unreasonably profound for him, going about as the lynch-pin of the entire business, he was bound to get injured. Following quite a while of control by his worshiped Maid Marian, adding up to mental kid maltreatment on her part, he was then savagely constrained by an insane Mrs. Maudsley to observe the two bodies moving like one. Leos destruction had nearly arrived at its pinnacle. The peak showed up anyway with the news that Ted Burgess had returned home and shot himself, discharging the allegorical trigger that was to execute Leo the student and power him into an upsetting grown-up world. The Diary for the year 1900 is a preview of naivety, as respects to both Leo and society, resounding the line from Philip Larkins sonnet MCMXIV: Never such blamelessness again. Both Leo and England were oblivious of the abilities of man. Later England was to be frustrated by the monstrosities of two universal wars and on an individual scale Leo was to lose his confidence in the profound quality of man. It could be contended that had this novel not been set at the turn of the twentieth century however one hundred years after the fact at the turn of the thousand years, Leo Colston would not have endured a mental meltdown. Because of progressions in innovation there would have been no requirement for a flag-bearer to help a mystery relationship. The sentiment between Marian Maudsley, blue-blood and the rancher Ted Burgess would most likely not have should have been a mystery at all because of the absence of such an isolated class framework in todays society, and furthermore because of the significantly better status of ladies who are presently unmistakably increasingly freed as respects sexual connections and marriage. It is likewise implausible that a pre-adult moving toward thirteen in todays society could be as nai ve as Leo concerning the unavoidable truths that apply to everyone. The past in this manner likewise has importance regarding setting and as the setting for L. P. Hartleys tale. In The Go-Between L. P. Hartley precisely recovers the temperament of the late Victorian time frame, through his novel the peruser is permitted to observe Leos past as well as the age in which Leslie Poles Hartley lived. The epic contains numerous similitudes to the creators life and to a limited degree is personal. Ruler David Cecil applauded Hartleys capacity as a recorded and social reporter trusting him to be One of the most recognized of present day authors (What's more, a sharp-looked at recorder of the social scene. The Epilog of the novel shows most adequately the connection between the over a significant time span. At the point when Leo Colston comes back to the town close Norwich where the horrible difficulty happened, it is to a scene as unfamiliar to him then as when he originally showed up there as a pubescent student. While Leo has carried on a tedious presence for a long time the most changeful 50 years in history has occurred in his general surroundings. However different things stayed unaltered. Marian Maudsley still has the ability to charm Leo, to genuinely coerce him, to make him complete a last task of affection. In spite of himself Leo is constrained to enter the universe of Brandham Hall again to convey Marians words to her grandson, Ted Burgess grandson, the character of Edward representing the inheritance we make in our kids. For whatever length of time that individuals keep on multiplying they will never amazing, live on through their posterity. In spite of the fact that his rancher companion had ended his own life each one of those years prior, Leo sees Ted Burgess again notwithstanding his grandkid. On observing the Hall, Leo permits himself to begin remembering completely the time he spent there. As he returns to the remote nation of his past he permits himself to quit being an outsider there and to comprehend that past land and the occasions that occurred there. Additionally an outsider in the realm of feeling his whole grown-up life, Leo Colston will be no longer as he endeavors to let his phantoms go. In his compilation The Whitsun Weddings Philip Larkin investigates the idea of past and its various viewpoints. With Afternoons he analyzes the progression of time; ages developing old without barely seeing, at that point glancing back at their pasts, their young people, from the hollows of evenings. Mr. Bleaney was an individual of the past but then his character lives on through the stories of his landlord and the stamp of depressingness that he left on the recruited box. However it is in sonnets, for example, Love Songs in Age where Larkin genuinely watches the job that the past plays in our regular daily existences, the capacity nostalgic keepsakes need to solace and move us just as to baffle. As in The Go-Between a shabby souvenir is the way to opening the past, again recollections both affectionate and difficult. The tone of the primary stanza is exceptionally matter of actuality, just advising the peruser regarding how a widow unintentionally unearths some old, neglected songbooks. Albeit disliked she was unable to confront discarding them as they took so little space. The straightforwardness of the language utilized supplements the ordinary estimation of the topic while simultaneously illuminating the peruser regarding the household circumstance of the woman being referred to. The redundancy of One accentuates the absence of significance that the things held for the widow, however nearly as if they was aware of their own importance they had paused. Presently be that as it may, in the pre-winter of her life they stir nostalgic memories as she distinctively recalls the unfailing feeling of being youthful and in affection. The second verse of the sonnet makes a hopeful state of mind, a fantasy of wistful love that causes her to feel young again like a spring-woken tree. However in the end verse Larkins fundamental subject of pessimism develops as the widow understands that the perfect of adoration depicted in the tune words is simply a dream. Similar sounding word usage accentuates the absence of truth in the guarantee love makes to settle, fulfill and set unchangeably all together. In standing up to this agonizing update from the past the widow additionally needs to confront the truth of the present, the two are laced. The nostalgic hallucination of sentiment pointed excessively high and couldn't satisfy its guarantees; It had not done so at that point, and couldn't do so now.

Juvenile Death Penalty Essay -- capital punishment, death penalty

A multi year old kid is at the pinnacle of their immature life, learning and finding about adolescence, development, good and bad and future life objectives. Then again, a man of 25 has developed, lived long enough to have made both great and awful decisions and has just been accomplishing those life objectives they once thought of as an adolescent. In a given circumstance, is it moral to hold these two age gatherings, with attitudes that are completely different, to similar principles and disciplines in the equity framework? Until Roper v. Simmons in 2005, the equity framework did only that, treat the activities of multi year old with indistinguishable results from in the event that they had been submitted by a grown-up. In Roper v. Simmons the United States Supreme Court pronounced it illegal to condemn an adolescent younger than 18 to capital punishment. Previously, Roper v. Simmons, in Thompson v. Oklahoma it had been concluded that just those younger than 16 couldn't be consider ed for capital punishment. Were these choices right? On the off chance that a juvenile can perpetrate such a terrible wrongdoing as murder would it be a good idea for them to not likewise be capable at that point to deal with the results? The opposite side of the contention against the adolescent capital punishment expresses that adolescents don't have indistinguishable thinking abilities from a grown-up and consequently can't be held to same criminal culpability. Realities will show that the United States Supreme Court was right in their choice to boycott capital punishment for each one of those younger than eighteen. Ongoing mind imaging examines have indicated that an adolescent’s cerebrum isn't completely evolved until late in youthfulness making them be juvenile, have decreased dynamic limit and immature thinking and thinking aptitudes (Aronson, 2007); characteristics which ... ...onduct. (2011). Morals and Judicial Conduct. Manual for Judiciary Policy, 1-19. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2010, August 18). Cerebrum Basics: Know Your Brain. Recovered July 2011, from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/scatters/brain_basics/know_your_brain.htm North, M. (2002). Greek Medicine: The Hippocratic Oath. Recovered July 2011, from National Institute of Health: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html Paus, T. (2005). Mapping Brain Maturation and Cognitive Development During Adolescence. Patterns in Cognitive Sciences, 60-68. Steinberg, L., and Scott, E. S. (2003). Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence. American Psychologist, 1009-1018. Strater, S. D. (1994-1995). The Juvenile Death Penalty: In the Best Interests of the Child? Layola University Chicago Law Journal, 147-182.

Guide to Business Model Design Process

Guide to Business Model Design Process © Shutterstock.com | Sergey NivensIn this article, we look at the 1) business model design process, the 3) starting point for business model design innovation, 3) the phases, and the 4) design attitude.BUSINESS MODEL DESIGN PROCESSAll business model design projects are unique and present a challenge to the participants because there is no one formula or prediction for how they will evolve.The process consists of five phases; mobilize, understand, design, implement, and manage. This process provides a framework which all businesses regardless of their industry or context can apply to themselves. Objectives of business model innovationInnovations and new iterations of business models are usually made with one of the following purposes;To fulfill a current need in the market which no other product or company are meeting.Be first in market with an idea, technology or product.Be a change agent in the industry by introducing a new business model. This can be done out of a desire to bring innovation, create an evolution in the market or simply to change things up and breathe new life into the industry.Target and give birth to a whole new market.Motivations of business model innovationWhen an already established business is exploring the possibility of innovating in its business model, it is usually with the following motives;An emergency or perceived near disaster due to the current business model,Ensuring that the current business model is flexible enough to meet and withstand possible changes in the business and industry,Being first in market with a revolutionary product, techno logy or idea,Fostering a spirit of flexibility and experimentation by testing new business models which may define the future sustainability of the business.STARTING POINT FOR BUSINESS MODEL DESIGN INNOVATIONThe impetus for creating or innovating in existing business model is driven by a number of factors. Each of these factors represents contextual elements that have their relevant set of challenges that come with them.The company wants to answer an unmet need and, therefore, satisfy the market. One example of such an organization is Grameen Bank. Grameen Bank is based out of Bangladesh and has a unique and a first of its kind business model. Grameen Bank extends micro-credit to people who other banks have traditionally ignored because they aren’t economically viable as loan candidates. The first of its kind, Grameen Bank operates on a relationship of trust and faith with its borrowers and does not take any assets as collateral or ask family members to pay off loans in the event of the loan candidate’s death. The model, though seemingly improbable to most banks, has been wildly successful and resulted in pushing Grameen Bank to the current standard for all Microfinance banks in the world.The company wants to bring either an entirely fresh product or service to its customer segment or take advantage of existing intellectual property to do so.Bring positive innovation or simply change an existing market.Provide the genesis for a new market.ChallengesThe challenges faced by new organizations when introducing a new business model in the market are;Discovering and selecting a model that fits your requirements,Experimenting with the model to discover any limitations or glitches before actually launching it,Creating buy-in in the industry so more people will adapt to the model,Tweaking the model as and when needed due to feedback,Handling the ambiguity.PHASES1. MobilizeIn this phase, the entrepreneur takes steps to be ready for implementing a new business model successfully. The purpose of the team working on the change is to ensure that everything is in place for the business model to be implemented. This requires ensuring that all the elements of the 9 building blocks of Business Model Canvas are available.The following four activities form the crux of this stage;Be ready for a successful business model design project;Gather all the necessary requirements for the project;Make people cognizant of why a new business model is required;Elaborate on the motive for creating a new model as well as formalize a common lingo for design and analysis purposes.Framing the objectives is heavily dependent on the project parameters but some steps are common across projects. These include defining the scope of the project, creating a narrative for why the project is necessary and what the deliverables of the project will be. When deciding the project scope, it is essential to plan for at least the first three steps of the process i.e. Mobilize, understan d and design. The final two phases are a product of the former three and can therefore not be planned in advance.Pulling together the right team for the project is another key activity which will define the success or failure of your project. It may be difficult to find a pre-trained team for the project, especially for truly entrepreneurial venture. However, the safest option is to pull together an eclectic mix of people with diverse backgrounds and experiences, so your project is overseen by people with an extensive combined pool of knowledge. Since entrepreneurial ventures thrive on ideas and innovations, such a team will help boost creativity and produce unique solutions to customer pains. This is the phase when the team needs to establish the use of the Business Model Canvas as the common medium to record the evolution of the business model.The mobilization phase can be dangerous because it causes people box themselves in with the idea on the table without challenging or explor ing it. Their initial buy-in with the idea means that they commit to it completely. One way to avoid this is by engaging the team in an activity called kill/ thrill. This is a two portion activity which asks the entire team to list reasons why the project may end in failure (kill) and then list reasons why the project will be a raging success (thrill). This causes the team members to address the business model from all aspects and fully explore its efficacy.2. UnderstandThis is the immersion stage of the project and is signified by resources deployed to thoroughly analyze the proposed business model design efforts to ensure it is sound. This involves the core team immersing themselves into the customers, technology and environment of the business.The following four activities form the crux of this stage;Conduct research and analysis on the requirements of the business model design process.The team should be deeply informed of the different aspect impacting the business model design whether they are internal such as the customers and technology or external like the market and environment.Create a data bank of information by getting in touch with other experts related to the business.Observe target customers to gain insight into their needs and what kind of jobs need to be done in their life.Some of the activities involved are interviewing both experts and customers to collect ideas, inputs and needs. Another great source of information is to study past cases where other companies have tried to provide similar solutions and identify the reasons they failed to do so. Essentially this phase aims to understand the environment in which the business model will be expected to flourish and grow.The key success factors for this phase are a deep understanding of the potential target market as well as observing target markets from fresh perspectives rather than being boxed in by traditional market boundaries.The business model ‘design space’ has to be understood thoro ughly for this stage to be a success so an environmental scan is a must. This includes market research, studying and involving customers, interviewing domain experts and observing the business models of potential customers. However, a surplus of research may leave your team paralyzed and unable to push through to the next stage. One way to avoid this eventuality is to start the prototyping phase in parallel with the understanding phase. This will help test out different hypotheses gleaned from the research.Though it may seem obvious, customers are an extremely important source of information at this stage, yet they are often ignored, especially by entrepreneurs who still aren’t sure who their main target segment are. The customer empathy map can be a huge help if this is the case.3. DesignIn the previous stage, we understand customers and prototype models as a result of this understanding. When we share these models with potential players and adapt them in accordance with their re sponses, we have officially entered the design phase.Various iterations of many different models need to be tested out during this phase before the team settles on one which will form the backbone of the future business. Hence, this stage is often referred to as the inquiry phase.The following three activities lie at the crux of this phase;Come up with a number of relevant business model options and test them against your business to find a suitable match or number of matches;Come up with a business model prototype based on the results of Phase 2;This phase must be focused on arriving at one final iteration which is a perfectly tailored business model for the organization.The critical success factors in this stage are to include as many people from the organization as possible in the creation process; the participants must possess the train of exploration, so they look beyond the way things are currently being done; and there must be plenty of time so all the business model ideas ca n be thoroughly explored.There is always an imminent danger of the participants getting too attached to their business idea. All the iteration possible in the nine building blocks of the business model canvas should be thoroughly weighed for their probability of success.4. ImplementThis is the execution phase of the entire process. Now that you are armed with the perfect business model, it is time to start the groundwork on the company itself and take it from a concept to reality. As the name suggests, this phase is focused on implementing the business model of choice. This is the one activity which forms the crux of this fourth phase in the process.The critical to success factors in this phase are the use of the best project management techniques and tactics; flexibility in adapting the business model quickly when and if the need arises; create synergy between the traditional business model and the new one.Now that you have the final iteration of the business model, you will begin as with any other project; defining timelines and mapping milestones for the implementation process. Throughout this process, there will be continuous risk and reward calculation taking place to ensure that the reality and the expected results still coincide.5. ManageIn this stage, the evolution of the company is the focus through improving and changing the business model as a result of the intelligence received about market reaction to its various aspects. This will happen through a team of managers who are hired with the responsibility of molding and managing this evolution.The key activities which form the crux of this stage are;Change and improve the business model design based on market reaction;Establish a management structure which will take on the responsibility of nurturing the evolution of the business model based on intelligence they receive from the market and the environment.The critical to success factors in this phase are obviously the ability of the management to vie w the business from a strategic and long-term perspective; be proactive and manage the day to day running of and adherence to the business model itself.Most start-ups will probably be too small to have an entire team managing it. Instead, luckily for them, every employee will have a stake in the management of the business model and will constantly be alert to how changes in the environment may require realignment in the business model.DESIGN ATTITUDEFor most organizations it is a major challenge to create and sustain a Design Attitude which is defined as the knowledge and willingness to invest time in thinking up a multitude of ideas with the knowledge that most of them will be discarded. Most managers may consider this a waste of time because they are inculcated with a decision attitude which gives precedence to the speed of the decision rather than coming up with a number of excellent alternatives and then selecting the best amongst them.Since most managers possess the time is mon ey attitude, they often fall into the trap of undervaluing the efficacy of the time spent in the business model design process because to them, the more time being used up in this process, the longer it takes to make money from the business. For new companies, this may be even more of an issue since many industry experts, venture capitalists and other investors, as well as the entrepreneurs own wallet may demand cutting short the time it takes to complete the process. However, it is fundamental, at this stage to remember, that you may make money sooner by doing away with the business model design process but that influx of money will not last long if you end up picking the wrong business model in your hurry to jumpstart the business.

The Effects Of Medication And The Side Effects On Children...

I often hear the advertisements on the television about the list of side effects to watch for when taking various medications. Several medicines mention the possibility of causing the very disorder they are supposed to relieve.There are medications prescribed to treat depression, with side effects that can actually cause it.Some of us have mineral and vitamin B deficiencies that also can be causing depression and mood disorders. An article in the Sunday Sun Sentinel News titled It s your pick; Natural supplements or drugs by pharmacist Suzy Cohen describes the benefits, of moving from prescription medications to vitamins and minerals, when dealing with depression . Ms Cohen, in the field of Pharmacology for 22 years, defending her stand on vitamins versus medications states, Lives depend on us being educated about natural remedies as well as pharmaceuticals. Ms Cohen further states a deficiency of Vitamin C, or B12 cannot be replaced by drugs and that using medication to accomplis h this can actually cause depression. In this article Ms Cohen compares the side effects of Medication versus the side effects of the various minerals and vitamins Magnesium, Vitamin C, B6, folic acid and 5-HTP can enhance mood. When taken in natural, physiological dosages these nutrients are well tolerated. Typical side effects are gas, diarrhea and/or minor stomach upset. Comparing with this the gold standard antidepressants, she continues; Depending on ones age and medical history,Show MoreRelatedChildren, Adolescents Psychotropic Medication Essays1681 Words   |  7 Pages Psychotropic medications, also referred to as psychiatric or psychotherapeutic medications, are used to treat psychiatric disorders, such as: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They have been used for many years and oftentimes come with dangerous side effects. The side effects that often occur in children taking these medica tions can include: fainting, blurred vision, vomiting, extreme weight gain, and even death (SeroquelRead MoreHidden Dangers of ADHD Medications632 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many medications that affect children’s health in today’s society. Doctors prescribe lots of medication which can be avoided, when children are properly diagnosed with certain health problems. Attention - deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has impacted many people with the danger of certain medications which is overprescribed to all ages each year. The hidden dangers of the medications these doctors are prescribing, is that our children are being misdiagnosed with ADHD at a very earlyRead MoreAdhd And Its Effects On Children1723 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease in children besides asthma. 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Children as young as three and four years of age are being diagnosed with ADHD and are beingRead MoreOver Medicating Children832 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Carlton Downey January 18, 2012 Overmedicating Children Five year old Jacob Solomon was first suffering from deficit disorder for which he was put on medication, later he was put on more medication for over five years to control different side effects by each medicine; due to the prescriptions Jacob developed tics in his neck which was a side effect of all the medications. He still took more and more tablets to cover up side effects from the first one without solving his initial disorderRead MoreThe Treatment Of Psychiatric Drugs1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Psychiatric Drugs To Treat Children Statistics determine that seventeen million children in the world have been prescribed psychiatric medications for mental illnesses or disorders (â€Å"Facts and Statistics†). 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From 2008-2012 the rate of children diagnosed with ADHD went up 30 percent ( While there are this many diagnoses’ not all of them are correctly given. Some people pretend to have ADHD so that they can abuse the medicine with it. This is one of the reasons people are divided at giving their child the medication and not. Although some peopleRead MoreSsri s For Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor1651 Words   |  7 PagesSSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. These medications are in a class of drugs called antidepressants. Antidepressants first started being marketed in the late nineteen nineties to adults for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Studies done during this time showed that SSRI’s had less negative side effects compared to depression medications that were already being used. Prozac was the first drug in this classification of antidepressants. Today not only are SSRI’s used for

The Effects of WWI Essay - 2214 Words

Woodrow Wilson created the Fourteen Points in order to show what America wanted from the war. Out of the fourteen points, the first five were allotted towards bringing about general peace that would benefit economically and socially benefit the countries that fought in World War I. Wilson wanted to obtain peace for the Allies and â€Å"drive a wedge between the Kaisers government and the German people by holding out to them the option of a humane and reasonable peace† (Brower). This intended to lead the Central Powers to agree with the Treaty of Versailles. Another objective of these points was to remove economic barriers for international trade and increase safety. Previously, the United States had dangerous experiences travelling by ship for†¦show more content†¦The different factions of ethnicities in Austria-Hungary would all be self-governing under Wilson’s fourteen points, since most of them were discontent with being ruled by the same leader even though they did not feel as if they were part of the same nation (Brower). These eight points brought great change among several European nations. Wilson’s fourteenth point established the League of Nations, which ensured â€Å"political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike† (Brower). The League of Nations was intended for keeping peace and respecting the independence of other nations, but the concept of a league was controversial in the United States. The fourteen points served the purpose of forming peace, but America received mixed reactions on how other countries agreed with this. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not work as they were intended for certain reasons. These points technically meant that Wilson, the American president, would be controlling foreign affairs in Europe that did not directly concern American citizens, such as borders of countries. Moreover, the Fourteen Points were equated to peace without victory, and the natio ns in the war obviously wanted victory, which is why they participated in the war. Although peace would be an ideal condition, few countries had the willingness to give up a victory. Most countries would rather lose the war after surrendering, than simply give up on the war andShow MoreRelatedPropaganda Effects of Wwi3372 Words   |  14 PagesPropaganda effects of World War I During the early 1900s a new era of warfare emerged as governments began to employ all economic, technological and psychological resources available to defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of suchRead MoreConscription and Its Negative Effects in WWI1469 Words   |  6 PagesAct, also known as the Conscription Act. This act made it mandatory for men in good condition to fight, to go to war. This conscription had a very bad impact on Canada, going against the freedom of citizens which Canada supported, having negative effects on the families and the soldiers and lastly, dividing the nation into two, the English and the French. As a result of this Military Service Act, Prime Minister Borden did not commit to the promise he had made in the beginning of the war. He promisedRead MoreSocial, Political and Economic Effects of Wwi2238 Words   |  9 PagesLiebknecht. By the end of the war most had rejected the government offer of being integrated in the bureaucracy , but not without playing an important public role and gaining some advantages such as collective bargaining. The war may have had a leveling effect in many ways, but it also sharpened some social differences and conflicts.brbrSoldiers were revolting just like workers:brbriThey [soldiers] were no longer willing to sacrifice their lives when shirkers at home were earning all the moneyRead MoreEssay about World War Two603 Words   |  3 Pagesforever. The events would shape Europe until the Second World War. There were severe consequences of this war. These consequences can be broken into social, political, economic and psychological consequences. WWI definitely was a pivotal point in history. There were many social effects of World War I. Women became the majority of the work force. All of the men went to the military so someone had to work in the factories. These women gained equal pay also in these factories. This was a bigRead MoreHistory of World War I787 Words   |  3 Pages45 million (from both war casualties and disease)? This paper delves into the reasons behind the outbreak of war in 1914 in Europe. The Scholarly Literature on Causes Leading to WWI Professors Greg Cashman and Leonard C. Robinson (of Salisbury University, Maryland) go deep into matters vis-ÃÆ'  -vis the roots of WWI. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary of course was the spark that lit the fires of rage in Europe leading to all-out war,  ¦one of the most destructiveRead MoreEssay about The Beginning of World War I1494 Words   |  6 PagesWWI Synthesis Essay Bruce Lee once said, â€Å"Mistakes are always forgivable, if one has the courage to admit them† (â€Å"Bruce Lee†). During World War I, the mistake of Serbia killing the archduke was neither admitted nor forgiven. A series of events brought together the European continent into a bloody and unprecedented war. WWI depicts that a small error or miscommunication leads to a bigger issue and suffering of people as portrayed through the aftereffects of the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. AtRead MoreEssay What Extent Is Germany to Blame for Ww11735 Words   |  7 Pagesblame for starting WWI? After a massive war, it easy to see why a lot people would point fingers at the country that lost the war. However, is this always correct; or do people jump to conclusions much too quickly? By doing this, do they also create a whole new kind of trouble for themselves to come in later years? Some may suggest that it is more productive to look at the events leading up to the war to determine who was at fault. The blame attached to World War One (WWI) is not exclusivelyRead MoreNational Security Requirements Exercised The Most Significant Influence On The United States Before The Second World War1302 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of airpower in Europe and the United States before the Second World War (WWII). Nations on both sides of the ocean had experienced the multifaceted disastrous results of World War I (WWI) and airpower seemed to be the answer for future wars. Understanding the context and consequences of WWI is vital to comprehend airpower theorists like Douhet, Mitchell and Trenchard and their revolutionary thoughts on airpower. The development of aircraft at the beginning of the twentieth century challengedRead MoreThe Carnage of World War I1083 Words   |  4 Pagesto Heinz Guderian, Germanys Chief of Mobile Troops during WWII, it was actually invented far before that. In fact, it was developed right after WWI after seeing the devastating effects of trench warfare(Showalter). Ironically, the basis of Blitzkrieg warfare was also laid by German Field Marshall Alfred von Schlieffen of the famous Schlieffen plan of WWI(Showalter). The basic essence of Blitzkrieg warfare was built upon the belief that Germany was always going to be out resourced and out numberedRead MoreThe United States Into World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesHouse in 1912. Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war to make the world â€Å"safe for democracy.† President Wilson could not prevent getting America involved in WWI, because the Germans attacked and t hreatened American ships holding civilians hostage the allies would have lost (The White House). The first years of WWI, the U.S. made certain to remain out of the way. Germany’s resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships became the primary motivation behind Wilson’s decision

What role has been played by the media in US political contests Free Essays

Abstract In US political contests, the term media can apply to a range of items that vary from newspaper articles to attack advertisements. This essay examines the role played by the free press- television news and newspapers- and traces the role that free media has come to play in the results and courses of US Presidential elections, refuting, in the process, the position that free media, and the press, acts as passive intermediaries between candidates and the voters. Introduction Protected by The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which reads ‘Congress shall make no law†¦abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press’, free media, especially the press, through dissemination of opinions, facts and analysis of events concerning Presidential candidates and their campaigns, has come to play a large role in the results and courses of presidential elections. We will write a custom essay sample on What role has been played by the media in US political contests? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although Dalton, Beck and Huckfeldt (2008:111) have argued that ‘the media’s role as an intermediary is most evident at election time, when the media are the primary conduits for information on the campaign’, the common recognition that the press acts as part of the ‘Fourth Estate’, a term originally coined by Edmund Burke (quoted in Carlyle, 1841) to acknowledge the noticeable influence of the media upon politics, suggests that the role of the press and media far exceeds the simple passivity of intermediation that Dalton, Beck and Huckfeldt suggest is media’s primary role during an election. Role of Free Media and the Press in US Presidential Elections Even in the initial stages of an election, prior to official party nominations, the press can begin to directly influence public knowledge of the candidates through the frequency and detail in which the candidates are mentioned. Name recognition, in the early stages of a campaign, is of vital importance and is directly effected by, and dependent upon, the media. Ramsden (1996) notes that the victor of the 1984 New Hampshire primary, the relatively unknown Gary Hart, succeeded because he convinced the press, through intense and unprecedented amounts of canvassing, that he was a more viable candidate for the nomination than his opponents John Glenn and Walter Mondale. As such, the media concerned themselves more with Hart’s campaign than with the campaigns of Glenn and Mondale, both established Democrats, and simultaneously increased Hart’s name recognition and the viability of his claim. This media attention added momentum to Hart’s campaign and ultimately allowed him to challenge for, but narrowly lose, the Iowa caucus, and to win the New Hampshire primary by ten percentage points. Although Hart eventually succumbed to the financial superiority of Mondale, and to questions concerning the vagueness of his policies, his victory in the New Hampshire primary, over an already established Democrat, is testament to the power of the media and to the influential role they play even in the early stages of election campaigns. After candidates have officially received party nominations, the role of the media shifts slightly from effecting the nomination to effecting the course of the nominees’ campaigns. Although many believe that the bias of individual press and media networks can effect public opinion, Robinson (1996:101) instead argues that ‘whilst the media can play an important role in changing voters’ perceptions, information, attitudes, and even behaviour’, it is more often the case that media bias simply reinforces, rather than dislodging or replacing, preconceived notions and opinions. Further, Della Vigna and Kaplan (2007: 2) have observed that it is often the case that ‘right-wing voters are more likely to expose themselves to right-wing media, giving an impression that the right-wing media persuades them’ and as such, media-bias and the partisan opinions of the press, in terms of long term impact, has little contribution towards changing the political opi nions of the public. Instead, free press, to some extent, controls the course of the campaign and decides whether it become a horse-race or an issue based campaign. Whilst the media can turn campaigns into horse-races, reporting polling numbers and statistics, making the story less about the ideologies, policies and ideas of the candidates and more about their viability and chances of success, it can also, as Ramsden (1996) argues, act ‘as a spotlight’ for issues (66). Ramsden’s suggestion that media acts as spotlight for issues and ideology, which is itself more in keeping with the spirit of democracy than reporting election campaigns as horse races, argues that the media has the power to select, and cover, certain issues and topics that are not at the top of the campaign’s political agenda and to reposition them as central to the campaign. As Page (1996:22) notes, ‘a large body of evidence now indicates that what appears in print or on the air has a substantial impact u pon how citizens think and what they think about: e.g., what they cite as important problems’, and it is this guidance towards ‘important problems’ that allows the media to shape the campaign paths of the candidates. The public, in general, become more politically active and aware during campaign time (Riker, 1989), and, as Wood and Edwards (1999:328) note that â€Å"the public’s familiarity with political matters is closely related to the amount and duration of attention these affairs receive in the mass media†. In a sense, the press and free media are somewhat able to dictate and influence the agenda of presidential elections, and to choose which issues are central to the debates and campaigns. Ramsden (1996) cites President Jimmy Carter’s victory over the incumbent President Gerald Ford, in which Carter’s inexperience could, and perhaps should, have played a large role in deciding the outcome of the campaign but was largely ignored by the public because the media did not make it a concern, in order to demonstrate the control that free media can exercise over topics and issues during campaigns. Conclusion Therefore, whilst the media may hold a negligible amount of power to convert and transform the public’s political opinions, the real power of the media, or the free press at least, in an election, lies in its editorial, or ‘spotlight’ role. By choosing and highlighting which areas of policy, issues or character concerns receive attention, the free press are able to guide the public towards matters which could determine both their opinions and, as a result, the outcome of the election. Thus, within a political campaign, however undemocratic it may seem, the press and free media are strong and active political agents that can change and dictate not only the agendas and issues during an election, but to some extent, the result itself. Bibliography Andersen, K. (1984) A Wild Ride to the End, Time Magazine Carlyle, T. (1841) On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History. The Echo Library, 2007 Dalton R.J, Beck P.A Huckfeldt R. (1998), Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows inthe 1992 Presidential Election, American Political Science Review, Vol 92, Number 1, March 1998 DellaVigna, S Kaplan E. (2007) The Fox News Effect, Media Bias and Voting, Quarterly Journal of Economics. Gerges, Fawaz A. (1999) Shaping Opinion. Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2: pp. 104-106 Page, Benjamin I. (1996) The Mass Media as Political Actors. Political Science and Politics, Vol.29, No. 1 pp. 20-24 Ramsden, Graham P. (1996) â€Å"Media Coverage of Issues and Candidates: What Balance is Appropriate in a Democracy?† Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 111, No. 1. pp. 65-81 Riker, W. H. (1989). Why Negative Campaigning is Rational. (Paper presented at the annualmeeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA) Robinson, John E. (1976) â€Å"The Press and the Voter.† Annals of the American Academy of Politicaland Social Science, Vol. 427. pp.95-103 The Constitution of the United States, Amendment I, (1791) Wood, Dan B. and Edwards, George C. (1999) â€Å"Who Influences WhomThe President, Congress, and the Media.† The American Political Science Review, Vol. 93, No. 2. pp. 327-344 How to cite What role has been played by the media in US political contests?, Essay examples What role has been played by the media in US political contests Free Essays Abstract The media has often played a significant role in political campaigns. Media coverage can contribute to the way a candidate is viewed in the eyes of the public, a fact that became even more prevalent during the 2008 U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on What role has been played by the media in US political contests? or any similar topic only for you Order Now elections with the introduction of ‘New Media.’ Introduction The following essay is an examination of the media’s role in US political contests. It will look at the rise of the celebrity politician in the 2008 general election whilst examining the importance of new media, old media and the virtues of the public appearance and perception of politicians. The essay will end wondering if media coverage in the 2012 election has begun to slide. Main Body The 2008 presidential race was particularly media saturated and the public perceptions of the candidates were often shaped by the media. As stated by Halperin Heilemann it was â€Å"as riveting and historic a spectacle as modern politics had ever produced† (2010:IX) and received â€Å"wall- to-wall media coverage† (2010:IX). The Media had a bigger role in the 2008 election than simply following events though as it gave birth to, or at least brought to maturity, the idea of the celebrity politician, as witnessed by the twin phenomenon of Barack Obama and Sarah Palin. Halperin Heilemann note that a smear campaign against Obama was thought up by McCain adman Fred Davis who said they should, with reference to Obama’s celebrity, â€Å"turn that against him. Big CelebritySo’s Britney Spears! So’s Paris Hilton!† (2010:330). The eventual ad was called ‘Celeb’ (Halperin Heilemann, 2010) and it led to the first chink in Obama’s a rmour with the media. It is interesting to note that later on when Palin was chosen as the running mate on the republican ticket there were fears in the McCain camp that the same type of campaign could be used against her (Halperin Heilemann, 2010), illustrating that this type of coverage, and the way political campaigns use the media, can be a double edged sword. New Media played a significant role in the 2008 election. Canavan states the Obama campaign was â€Å"aided by an acute awareness of mimetic branding and viral marketing† (2010:14). Schudson observes â€Å"in 2008 the â€Å"new media† played a newly prominent role† (2009:6). The use of new media in the Obama campaign was an important part of his strategy. Canavan writes that the Obama campaign produced â€Å"half a billion dollars from three million people over the Internet† (2010:15). This shows that the proliferation of new media in the 2008 general election, and the use of it by the candidate who most visibly signified change, was a huge coup, certainly at least where donors were concerned. What of traditional media thoughDo the news networks or the press still play a role in US political racesThe answer, at least pertaining to the 2008 race, is an unequivocal yes. The deeper question though is how these institutions actually affect the outcome of an election. In terms of the 2008 election it must be concluded that they played a massive part. Halperin Heilemann note that almost every political entity in their book has a scene where they complain about the way they are being represented in the press, even Obama (2010). But it would seem that much of the press wanted Obama to win as they would ignore infractions made by him that they would not consider for other candidates, as noted by Halperin Heilemann when, after being jabbed at by Obama in a debate, Hillary Clinton complained to her aides â€Å"can you imagine if I’d made a crack like that?† (2010:180). Halperin Heilemann go onto say â€Å"the press would have guillotined her on the spot† (2010 :180). Street asks the question of whether the media’s role in political races is a good or a bad thing. He writes â€Å"reliance on television as a medium of communication tends to shift the criteria by which politicians are judged and by which they operate. Television’s intimacy, its use of close-ups and one-to-one conversations, focuses attention on politicians’ ‘human’ qualities. The result is that populist empathy rather than elite leadership becomes valued† (2004:6). Street also notes however that aesthetics and the way candidates are perceived in the media can be an important part of a political contest because aesthetics and perception can provide a notion of the candidate’s character and that is an important aspect to consider when entering the voting booth (2004). Now that the political world is observed by both new and old media, it is interesting to note how the two have played their part so far in the 2012 election. As far as new media is concerned, the interest certainly seems to have waned. Journalist Susan Delacourt observes â€Å"The 2008 presidential election that brought Barack Obama to power was probably a â€Å"watershed† for social media†¦an apex that probably won’t be reached again in the current U.S. campaign† (2012). The current election seems to have passed by old media in many ways as well. Matthew Stieglitz wryly asks of the 2012 election â€Å"that the media bring its election coverage to something bearing a resemblance to news, and that people become informed. If the issues mentioned above are any indication, this country would be better served with a populace that spends time debating politics instead of debating the cancellation of Jersey Shore† (2012). Maybe the politics just as arenâ₠¬â„¢t as interesting to a media that can now observe the politics of reality TV stars personal lives†¦and don’t need a press pass to do it. Conclusion As you can see, historically media has played a big part in the political landscape and has helped to shape people’s views of the candidate, whether through highlighting their proposals or simply believing in the character of the person they have shown on TV. In 2008 media coverage of the election seemed to reach a critical mass, in both old and new media, but both have now begun to contract somewhat. Bibliography Heilemann, J. Halperin, M., (2010), Race of a Lifetime, 1st Edition, the Penguin Group, Great Britain Canavan, G., (2009) ‘Person of the Year: Obama, Joker, Capitalism, Schizophrenia.’ Politics and Popular Culture. [online] Available at: http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/978-1-4438-2259-6-sample.pdf [Accessed 12th September 2012] Schudson, M., (2009)’ The New Media in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Campaign: The New York Times watches its back.’ Javnost-the public. [online] Available at: http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/system/documents/270/original/javnost-nyt2008.pdf [Accessed September 13th 2012] Street, J., (2004) ‘Celebrity Politicians: Popular Culture and Political Representation.’ The British Journal of Politics International Relations. [online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00149.x/pdf [Accessed 12th September 2012] Delacourt, S. (2012) ‘Is ‘new’ media becoming old hat in the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign?’ The Star. [online] Available at: http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1227281–is-new-media-becoming-old-hat-in-the-2012-u-s-presidential-campaign [Accessed 12th September 2012] Stieglitz, M., ‘Dear American Media: Step Up Your Game.’ Politics 365. [online] Available at: http://politic365.com/2012/09/07/dear-american-media-step-your-game-up/ [Accessed September 8th 2012] How to cite What role has been played by the media in US political contests?, Essay examples What role has been played by the media in US political contests Free Essays In democratic societies the media has traditionally played the role of intermediary in electoral contests, disseminating information from political campaigns and candidates to the voting public. However, some political scientists believe that, in contemporary US elections, the media act not merely as a medium through which campaign information is filtered, but as a agent which shapes the campaign agenda and influences voters perceptions of candidates. Introduction This essay discusses the various roles which the media play when reporting on elections in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on What role has been played by the media in US political contests? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It traces the changing perceptions of the role of the journalist and media, from the theory of the fourth estate to the practise of agenda-setting within a partisan media organisation. The rise of social media within election campaigns allows candidates to become the medium, connecting with voters directly. Media Role In The Fourth Branch of Government, Cater described the role that reporters and the media play in the political system (quoted in Cook, 1998). He believed reporters were a ‘recorder of government, but also a participant’ (Cook, 1998:1). Cook himself saw the media as a political institution in its own right, without whose interaction with the other branches of government (executive, legislature, judiciary), democracy could not function. The relationship between media and government is, Cook believes, a ‘co-production’ and the reporter ‘a key participant in decision-making and policy making’ (1998:3). The political news media themselves see their role as that of the Fourth Estate, a collective watchdog which holds government and politicians to account and plays an educator role in keeping citizens informed about the key issues shaping their economy and society. At no time is the media’s role as instrumental as during an election campaign. A s Dalton, Beck and Huckfeldt (2008b: 111) point out, ‘the media’s role as an intermediary is most evident at election time, when the media are the primary conduits for information on the campaign’. In the US, the commercial media play a dual role during political contests – as well as scrutinising the behaviour and policies of candidates, it carries paid-for political advertisements. These adverts constitute a significant source of income for news media: the Campaign Media Analysis Group estimate that $2.6bn was spent on political advertising during the 2008 Presidential election. The media, especially television, therefore also plays a commercial role in US elections. The commercial nature of the candidate’s relationship with media affects the coverage given to candidate’s campaigns, with media bias or partisanship now prevalent within most major US media outlets (DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007). Broadcasters such as CNN and PBS, along with print and digital media such as The New York Times, Newsweek and The Huffington Post are perceived to have a bias toward Democratic candidates, while news media such as FOX, The Washington Post and Time magazine give more favourable coverage to Republican candidates. Between the 1940s and 1970s, there was a widespread assumption that citizens voted along predictable, partisan lines, and therefore media reporting of campaigns had little or no impact on election outcomes (Lazarfeldt referred to by Finkel, 1993). The decline of partisanship in US politics since the 1960s (Abramson 1982, referred to in Finkel 1993) has seen this theory of minimal effects replaced with a belief that media can influence and change voter orientation (Finkel 1993). This acknowledgement of the influence of media has led to renewed focus on the role the media plays in elections. Shaw has highlighted the distinction between the media as medium and the media as agent (2001:16). In the 2008 primaries, for example, it is widely believed that the Democratic-leaning media forced John Edwards out of the nomination race, while advocating the candidatures of both Barack Obama and Hilary Clinton. In such cases, the role of the media as agent becomes apparent. Stromback and Dimitrova , after conducting a comparative content analysis of election coverage in selected Swedish and US newspapers, concluded that while Swedish media focused on campaign issues, US media treated political contests as more of a ‘strategic game’ or ‘horse-race’ (2006: 132). Their contention was that the media had come to see a political race almost as a sporting event, prioritising trivia and personalities over the substance of policy and ideology. Dalton, Beck and Huckfeldt challenged this view however, when they analysed data from media coverage of the 1992 presidential election. Comparing issues covered by the media to issues the public professed to care about, they found a very tight convergence between the issues relevant to media, candidates and the general public (1998a). McCombs (1997) explains the rationale behind this finding. He believes that the media play an agenda-setting role by giving greater prominence or ‘salience’ to certain issues. Once in the public domain, these issues capture the public’s attention. In this way the public agenda and the media agenda have tended to converge toward a consensus. Comscore, a US company which monitors the digital world, confirmed in a recent report entitled The Digital Politico that digital media is now a ‘formidable platform’ for political campaigns (2012). While campaign finance teams continue to spend more on TV and Radio advertising than on digital, activities such as social media (in particular Twitter), digital advertising and paid search are playing an increasingly prominent role in US elections. The use of social media as campaign strategy has given candidates more opportunities to set their own agendas and communicate directly with the electorate. Farnsworth and Lichter contend that these ‘unmediated speeches, advertisements and internet web pages †¦ qualify as the more substantive, more useful and more accurate forms of campaign discourse’ (2007:6). Conclusion The ideal of the media as a watchdog on power is still relevant to some extent, as many media outlets do hold candidates to account through scrutiny of campaign finances or probing of a candidate’s commitment to a policy. However, the commercial nature of media and cable television in particular, means that media organisations have become increasingly partisan. Most political scientists today agree that the US media influences the campaign as a political agent, and is no longer just a medium through which the public receives news and analysis. Bibliography Cook, T.E, Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution, University of Chicago Press 1998 Comscore Inc., 2012, The Digital Politico: 5 Ways Digital Media is Shaping the 2012 Presidential Elections, April 30 2012 Dalton R.J, Beck P.A, Huckfeldt R. 1998a, A Test of Media-Centered Agenda Setting: Newspaper Content and Public Interests in a Presidential Election, Political Communication Journal, Vol 15, Number 4, 1 September 1998 pp 463-481 (19) Dalton R.J, Beck P.A Huckfeldt R. 1998b, Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election, American Political Science Review, Vol 92, Number 1, March 1998 DellaVigna, S Kaplan E. The Fox News Effect, Media Bias and Voting, Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (August 2007) Farnsworth, S.J Lichter S.R, The Nightly News Nightmare: Television’s Coverage of Presidential Elections, 1988-2004, 2nd ed. 2007 Rowman and Littlefield Finkel, S.E, Re-examining the Minimal Effects Model in Recent Presidential Campaigns, The Journal of Politics, Vol 55, Number 1 (Feb 1993) pp 1-21 Roderick P.H Shaw D.R 2001, Communication in US Elections, Rowman and Littlefield Stromback J Dimitrova D.V 2006, Political and Media Systems Matter, A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Sweden and the US, The International Journal of Press/Politics, Fall 2006 Vol 11, Number 4, pp 131-147 McCombs, M, 1997, Building Consensus, The News Media’s Agenda Setting Roles, Political Communication, Vol 14, Issue 4, pp 433-443 How to cite What role has been played by the media in US political contests?, Essay examples

Competitive Strategies for Political and Political Factors

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategies for Political and Political Factors. Answer: Owing to the boon and bane of globalization, profits and competition in market and business structure has seen immense change in the last decade. Companies and business organizations in order to stay competitive in the market makes the use of different kind of analytical tool and strategies to chalk out business plans, decide investments and analyze expected profits. The analytical tools that the paper would focus upon are Pestle, Swot and Porters Five Forces. These tools are used by almost all the small and large-scale business organizations in order to evaluate the impact of the macro and microenvironment on the organizational structure of the company. The essay would be segmented into three parts discussing SWOT, Pestle and Porters Five Forces respectively. Pestle is the extended form of PEST. PEST howsoever refers to the political, economic, social and the legal factors that affect an organization or a business. PEST was later extended with the legal and the environmental factors that too, seemed to make a significant impact on an organizational structure (Zalengera et al., 2014). PESTLE is essentially a tool that analyses the external impacts on an organization. Pestle is used and operated by the strategic managers and planners of the company. Political factors adhere to the political changes that may influence a company. For instance the change in government bring new trade policies and revision of price of products, which marks the profit of the company. Economic factors like strong unemployment rates in a particular area affect a business. Social factors are the ever-changing trend that initiates the demand of certain services. For example, work pressure encouraged the spa industry to flourish (Lichten et al., 2015). Technological aspects refers to the fact that how advent of modern technology has made an impact on any organization like the increased production, hassle free promotion etc. Environmental factors decide the positioning of the company, that is, for example, a business related to information technology would not base its branch in remote or hilly areas. Apart from that, all organizations owe some responsibility towards the environment like the use of green technology, treating waste before dumping etc. Legal factors are related to the laws that business organizations should adhere to like the laws related to employee protection acts, sewage treatment, health and safety acts, acts related to tax payment issues etc (Aithal 2016). To understand in details when and where PESTLE is used by any company, an example can be taken. PepsiCo used PESTLE to figure out the macro environmental factors before launching its products into unknown markets. For example, PepsiCo would use PESTLE to evaluate if the eco nomic structure of a place would make the business profitable or the legal factors adhere to the company policies. SWOT, once more is an analytical tool that is used by business heads of companies to determine the internal factors of a company that may affect the production, sales and profit count as a whole (Bohari, Hin and Fuad 2017). SWOT is the acronym for Strength, weakness, Opportunities and threat of a particular business. Assessing the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of a company, a business can plan its objectives in favorable manner. In this context, it must be noted that whole strength and weakness are the internal factors that matter to the company, opportunities and threats are the external factors. An example can be cited to delve into further details about the same (Wu, Song and Kang 2016). For example, the strength of Wal-Mart lies in its huge customer base and in its market share. At the same time, the weakness of the company lies in the fact that Walmart products cannot be sold any longer in America. Walmart can capitalize the opportunities to increase the growth o f the company. It can expand the company in other countries to maximize the profit. The pressure of other retail sellers like Sainsburys and TESCO are the major threats to Walmart since all the retail stores deals with similar kind of product. Hence, before launching its products in an unknown market a SWOT analysis would provide Walmart with a complete idea about the internal and the external factors of the market. Porters Five Forces as the term suggests are five powers that essentially evaluates a companys strength and its course of action regarding goods and products. The five powers that is incorporated with Porters Five Forces are buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entry and competitive rivalry (Rothaermel 2015). Buyer power refers to customers, the power of the customers to buy or discard the products and services of a particular company. Supplier power can be explained as the bargaining power of the suppliers of raw materials towards a company. If the number of suppliers are less, the bargaining power of the supplier would be more and vice versa. Competitive rivalry points to the similar brands existing in the market that produces similar kind of products. Competition is generally high if the number of competitors in the market is more, or the market is saturated (Mathooko and Ogutu 2015). Threat of substitution points to the similar kind of products availa ble in the market, which may be opted by the customers discarding the products of any particular company. Customers may discard a product for another for various reasons like its availability, prices, and the way the product appeals the customers and its promotional strategy. To overcome the threat of substitution, companies makes the use of attractive pricing strategies and gives offers and discounts to bring products and services to limelight. Threat of new entrant is about the establishment of a new company in the already existing market. A new company when launches in the existing market with similar goods and services, it creates a threat for the existing companies in the market (Brooks, Heffner and Henderson 2014). The customers are further divided and threat may include the shift of customers from the existing company to the new entrants. For example, JW Marriot would use Porters Five Forces model to assess its positioning in the market before entering into an existing market . For Marriot, the bargaining power of the suppliers would be low, as there are a number of suppliers and Marriot is a gigantic organization (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). As such, suppliers would never fall short. The bargaining power of customers on the other hand would be high as in the recent past, with the considerable growth of global economy, customers are shifting to elite class hotels and there are a number of competitors for Marriot. The menace of substitutes is again high as third grade hotels claim to be international by duping, however, the difference remains n the quality of the services that are provided. The dupe and the low price, which at the same time seems to offer the same privileges like Marriot, attract customers. Competitive Rivalry is again high. Marriot faces two strata of competition both from the similar hotels like Hilton resorts and cheap dupes of international hotels. In the concluding part, it can thus be said that PESTLE, SWOT and Porters Five Forces are extremely important and indispensible criteria of strategic planning made by small or large-scale companies. These are the analytical tools that help a companys growth, decide its investment plans, focus upon its expansion and analyses the expected profit returns. Reference List Aithal, P.S., 2016. Study on ABCD analysis technique for business models, business strategies, operating concepts business systems.Browser Download This Paper. Bohari, A.M., Hin, C.W. and Fuad, N., 2017. The competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: A SWOT-ICT analysis.Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space,9(1). Brooks, G., Heffner, A. and Henderson, D., 2014. A SWOT analysis of competitive knowledge from social media for a small start-up business.The Review of Business Information Systems (Online),18(1), p.23. Lichten, C.A., Castle-Clarke, S., Manville, C., Horvath, V., Robin, E., Krapels, J., Parks, S., Sim, M., van Zijverden, O. and Chataway, J., 2015. The future of anticoagulation management in atrial fibrillation in Europe: An assessment of today's challenges with recommendations for the future.Rand health quarterly,5(2). Mathooko, F.M. and Ogutu, M., 2015. Porters five competitive forces framework and other factors that influence the choice of response strategies adopted by public universities in Kenya.International Journal of Educational Management,29(3), pp.334-354. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Wu, F., Song, D. and Kang, L.S., 2016. The Development of Commercial Bank E-Commerce Finances SWOT Analysis.DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences, (peee). Zalengera, C., Blanchard, R.E., Eames, P.C., Juma, A.M., Chitawo, M.L. and Gondwe, K.T., 2014. 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